Conclusions  Prescription opioid–dependent patients are most likely to reduce opioid use during buprenorphine-naloxone treatment; if tapered off buprenorphine-naloxone, even after 12 weeks of treatment, the likelihood of an unsuccessful outcome is high, even in patients receiving counseling in addition to SMM.
Trial Registration  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00316277 (Source: Archives of General Psychiatry)