Question Question: In the treatment of opioid dependence, does the addition of behavioural treatment to buprenorphine reduce opioid use compared with buprenorphine alone? Patients: In total, 202 people meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for opioid dependence. Participants had to have good general medical and psychiatric health, no sensitivity to buprenorphine or naloxone, and no dependence on alcohol, benzodiazepines or any other drug. Setting: Outpatient clinical research centre in Los Angeles, California, USA. Intervention: In total, 16 weeks of buprenorphine with medical management plus either cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT, n=53), contingency management (CM, n=49), both CBT and CM (CBT+CM, n=49) or no b…